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Ancient Rome — Wars and Timelines

Kingdom of Rome Early Republic Punic Wars Decline of the Republic Early Empire Height of Empire Fall of the West Byzantine Empire

Kingdom of Rome

753 B.C. to 510 B.C.

Founding of Rome to Exile of Tarquins

Year	Event
753 BC	Rome founded by Romulus and Remus, twin descendents of Aenaeus
	Remus is killed while building a wall to the city.
	Capture of Sabine Maidens and subsequent war with Sabines.
715-674 BC	Reign of Numa Pompilius
	Updated Roman Calender, Assigned Holidays
	Established Priests and Vestal Virgins
673-642 BC	Reign of Tullus Hostilius
	Combat of Horatti and Curatii
	Conquest of Alba
616-579 BC	Reign of Tarquin the Elder
	Built Sewer, Circus, Forum
579 BC	Reign of Servius Tullius begins after the murder of Tarquin the Elder
	Servian Wall is built around Rome.
	Citizen are organized into classes based on wealth
715-674 BC	Tarquin Superbus murders Servius, his father-in-law, and assumes the throne.
	Sibyline Books aquired from a greek priestess.
	War with Volscians; Besieged city of Gabii.
	Built Temple of Jupiter on Capitoline Hill.
510 BC	Death of Lucretia. Tarquin Superbus and all his family are exiled from Rom.

Years	War	Outcome
753–391 BC	Rise of Rome	The rise of Rome from a small Latin city to the dominant power in Italy.

Early Republic

510 B.C. to 275 B.C.

Establishment of Republic to Conquest of Italy

Year	Event
510 BC	The last king of Rome, Tarquin Superbus, is expelled; Roman republic is founded.
510-496 BC	Wars against Tarquin and his allies.
508 BC	Horatius repels the army of at theBattle of Sublican Bridge
496 BC	Final defeat of Tarquin at the Battle of Lake Regillus
494 BC	Office of the tribune is established to protect plebian rights.
491 BC	Coriolanus is sent into exile but returns with an Army to threaten Rome.
458 BC	Cincinnatus rescues a Roman army caught in a trap.
451 BC	Decimvirs create ten tablets; Virginia is killed to keep her out of the hands of a tyrant.
443 BC	Censorship Established
396 BC	Romans under Camillus conquer Veii, their great Etruscan foe.
390 BC	Battle of Allia, Gauls invade and sack Rome
343-341 BC	First Samnite War—Etruria and Campania annexed to Rome
326-304 BC	Second Samnite War—Roman humiliation at Battle of Caudine Forks.
312 BC	Via Appia—Famous Roman Road started
312 BC	Aqueduct building project started
298-290 BC	Third Samnite War—Roman victory at the Battle of Sentium
280-275 BC	Pyrrhic Wars in Southern Italy—First encounter between Greek and Roman armies.
269 BC	First Roman Coins minted

Years	War	Outcome
753–391 BC	Rise of Rome	The rise of Rome from a small Latin city to the dominant power in Italy.
389–121 BC	Gallic Invasion of Italy	Early Gallic invasions into Northern Italy
342–298 BC	Samnite Wars	Rome vies with Samnites for control of Italy
282–275 BC	Pyrrhic Wars in Italy	The Greek colonies in southern Italy resist Roman domination.

Punic Wars

274 B.C. to 146 B.C.

First Punic War to Destruction of Carthage

Year	Event
264-241 BC	First Punic War.
260 BC	Roman naval victory at Battle of Mylae.
43 BC	Defeat and Capture of Regulus at Battle of Bagradas.
250 BC	Regulus defies Carthage and is murdered
218-201 BC	Second Punic War
216 BC	Low point: Roman disaster at Battle of Cannae.
43 BC	Death of Archimedes at the Battle of Syracuse.
43 BC	Hasdrubal Barca killed at the Battle of Metaurus River.
43 BC	Carthage decisively defeated by Scipio Africanus at the Battle of Zama.
214-205 BC	First Macedonian War.
200-196 BC	Second Macedonian War—Roman victory at Battle of Cynoscephalae.
190 BC	Antiochus III of Syria defeated at Magnesia.
168 BC	Third Macedonian War—Roman victory at Battle of Pydna.
149-146 BC	Third Punic War—Carthage Destroyed
146 BC	Rome destroys Corinth, dominates Greece.

Years	War	Outcome
260–152 BC	Punic Wars	Wars between Carthage and Rome for control of the West.
226–146 BC	Wars of the Achaean League	Last independent coalition of Greeks fights Macedonia and Rome
215–28 BC	Roman Conquest of Hispania	Roman wars of conquest in Hispania
198–168 BC	Roman Macedonian Wars	Roman conquest of Greece and Macedonia
191–190 BC	Wars of Antiochus the Great	Romans repel Antiochus the Great in Asia Minor

Decline of Republic

146 B.C. to 44 B.C.

Age of Gracchi to Death of Julius Caesar

Year	Event
143-133 BC	Conquest of the Interior of Spain
133-131 BC	Conquest of Hellenistic Empires in East
133-127 BC	Civil unrest due to Land Reforms of the Gracchi.
111-106 BC	Jugurthine Wars in Africa
107-100 BC	Mariuselected consul six times, reforms army.
102 BC	Teutone tribe defeated at the Battle of Aix.
101 BC	Cimbri tribe defeated at the Battle of Vercelli.
90-89 BC	Roman Social War—Close allies win rights of Roman citizenship.
88-84 BC	First Mithridatic War—instigates a Civil War between Marius and Sulla.
88 BC	Marius attempts to take over the army and is exiled from Rome
87 BC	Sulla victorious at Siege of Athens.
86 BC	Marius returns to Rome, takes vengeance on enemies.
83 BC	Sulla returns, overthrows Marians, murders enemies.
74-63 BC	Third Mithridatic War. Lucullus pacifies Asia Minor.
73-71 BC	Spartacus leads a Slave Revolt
67 BC	Pompey conquers the pirates of the Mediterranean.
63 BC	Cicero puts down the Catiline Conspiracy.
60 BC	Pompey, Crassus, and Julius Caesar form the first triumvirate.
58-51 BC	Caesar conquers all of Gaul—wins a great victory over Vercingetorixat the Battle of Alesia.
49 BC	Ceasar crosses the Rubicon and instigates a Civil War between Caesareans and Republicans
48 BC	Caesar defeats Pompey at Battle of Pharsalia.
48 BC	Caesar puts Cleopatraon throne of Egypt at Battle of Alexandria.
46 BC	Suicide of Cato (the younger) after the republican cause is defeated at the Battle of Thapsus.
44 BC	Assassination of Julius Caesar

Years	War	Outcome
112–101 BC	Cimbrian War	Romans repel two Germanic tribe that were invading northern Italy
108–106 BC	Jugurthine War	Rome opposes a notorious tyrant in Northern Africa
90–89 BC	Roman Social War	Civil War between Rome and its Italian allies for rights of Roman citizenship.
87–66 BC	Mithridatic Wars	Roman suppression of Mithridates in Greece and Asia Minor
83–82 BC	Civil War of Marius and Sulla	Civil war between the parties of Marius and Sulla
71–70 BC	Servile Wars	Slave rebellions in Roman Italy
58–52 BC	Roman Conquest of Gaul	Caesar's conquest of Gaul
55–84	Roman Conquest of Britain	Roman conquest of Britain
53–627	Roman Persian Wars	Wars between Roman and Persian Empires for control of Mesopotamia
49–31 BC	Caesarean Civil War	Civil war between triggered by Caesar's return to Rome; continuing through the early reign of Augustus Caesar

Early Empire

44 B.C. to 69 A.D.

Second Triumvirate to Year of Three Emperors

Year	Event
43 BC	Octavius and Antony form the second triumvirate; agree to the murder of Cicero.
42 BC	Defeat of Republican Army at Battle of Philippi.
31 BC	Antony defeated at Battle of Actium.
27 BC	Octavius appointed imperator for life: becomes Augustus Caesar.
27 BC	Gates of Janus shut. Beginning of Pax Romana.
0 AD	Birth of Christ.
9 AD	Hermannannihilates Romans at the Battle of Teutoberg Forest.
14 AD	Death of Augustus. Begin reign of Tiberius.
31 AD	Failed conspiracy of Sejanus, captain of the Praetorian Guard.
33 AD	Death of Jesus Christ
41 AD	Assassination of imperial madman, Caligula.
41-54 AD	Reign of Claudius: Romans reconquer Britain.
54-68 AD	Nero installed in the imperial throne while still in his teens.
61 AD	Revolt of the Britons under Boadicea: Battle of Watling Street.
64 AD	Nero fiddles while Rome burns.
68 AD	Nero driven from throne by Praetorian Guards.
69 AD	Year of Four Emperors: Galba, Otho, Vitellius, Vespasian.

Years	War	Outcome
49–31 BC	Caesarean Civil War	Civil war between triggered by Caesar's return to Rome; continuing through the early reign of Augustus Caesar
11–16	Roman Germanic Wars	Germans frustrate Rome's ambition to expand its territories beyond the Rhine.
22	Miscellaneous Ancient	Miscellaneous ancient wars
66–135	Roman Jewish Wars	Roman suppression of Jewish Rebellion
69–69	Year of the Four Emperors	Civil wars following th death of Nero for control of the Roman Empire.

Height of Empire

70 A.D. to 180 A.D.

Flavian Emperors to Death of Marcus Aurelius

Year	Event
70	Fall of Jerusalem
70-81	Reign of Vespasian and Titus.
79	Destruction of Pompey
80	Dedication of the Coliseum
70-81	Persecution of Christians under Domitian.
96-180	Era of Five Good Emperors.
96-98	Nerva
98-117	Trajan conquers Dacia
117-138	Hadrian builds wall in Britain at Scottish border.
138-161	Antoninus Pius exceptionally long and benevolent reign.
161-180	Marcus Aurelius, philospher emperor fights the Alemanni.

Years	War	Outcome
87–105	Roman Conquest of Dacia	Roman conquest of Dacia

Decline and Fall of Western Empire

180 A.D. to 476 A.D.

Reign of Commodus to Fall of Western Empire

Year	Event
180-193	Reign of Commodus, degenerate son of Marcus Aurelius.
193-211	Reign of Septimus Severus .
211-239	Reign of the later Severans: Caracalla, Elagabalus and Alexander.
239	Murder of Alexander Severus—throne usurped by the barbarian Maximinus.
239-284	Military Anarchy.
270	War with Zenobia of Palmyra, Queen of Palmyra.
306	Constantine proclaimed Augustus by his legions after the death of his father.
312	Constantine gains sole control of west at Battle of Milvian Bridge.
313	Edict of Milan: Christianity is made legal in empire.
324	Constantine becomes sole ruler of entire empire.
325	First Council of Nicaea is held to combat the Arian heresy.
337-361	Empire languishes under waring sons of Constantine.
362	Julian the Apostate tries to restore paganism.
379-395	Theodosiusreigns in the east. Fends off usurpers in the west and briefly reunites the empire.
410	Alaric the Visigoth invades Rome.
451	Europe saved from Attila the Hun at the Battle of Chalons.
455	Genseric sacks and plunders Rome.
476	Imperial leadership passes to a barbarian king, Odoacer.

Years	War	Outcome
194–398	Civil Wars of the Roman Empire	Civil wars during the Imperial Era of Rome.
251–711	Visigoth Wars	Wars of the Visigoths in the Balkans, Italy, and Spain
268–378	Alemanni Wars	Romans repel invasion of Alemanni
402–476	Fall of the Western Empire	Wars relating to the fall of the Western Empire
430–533	Vandal Wars in Africa	Rise and fall of the Vandal kingdom in Northern Africa

Eastern Roman and Byzantine Empires

476 A.D. to 1453 A.D.

Fall of the Western Empire to the Fall of Constantinople

Year	Event
455	Genseric and the Vandals Sack Rome
460	Failed expedition against the Vandals of Africa
476	Fall of the Western Empire in Italy to Odoacer
493	Theodoric reigns in the Ostrogoth Kingdom of Italy
527	Reign of Justinian in the Eastern Roman Empire
533	Belisarius Reconquers Vandal Kingdom of Africa
538	Belisaurius besieges Ravenna; regains Italy for Eastern Kingdom
620	Heraclius is Emperor-Greek Speaking Byzantine Empire
636	Most of Syria Lost to the Moslems at the Battle of Yermuk.
694	North Africa lost to the Moslems at the Battle of Utica.
729	Leo the Iconoclast banishes religous images and icons from the eastern church.
862	Cyril and Methodius convert the Slavs to Christianity
1054	Formal break between the Eastern Church and Rome.
1071	Critical defeat at the battle of Manzikert opens up Asia Minor to the Seljuk Turks
1095	First Crusade called by Pope Urban II.
1204	Crusading Army from the fourth Crusades besieges, takes, and pillages Constantinople.
1261	Byzantines retake Constantinople from the Latins
1281	Osman, founder of the Ottoman Empire, establishes his kingdom in Asia Minor.
1354	Ottomans cross the Bosperus and begin conquest of much of the Balkans.
1453	Fall of Constantinople to Mohammed II.
1461	Final vestiges of the Byzantine Empire conquered by the Ottomans.

Years	War	Outcome
430–533	Vandal Wars in Africa	Rise and fall of the Vandal kingdom in Northern Africa
53–627	Roman Persian Wars	Wars between Roman and Persian Empires for control of Mesopotamia
489–568	Ostrogoth Wars in Italy	The rise and fall of the Ostrogoth nation in Italy
559–1261	Byzantine Empire Wars (misc)	Wars of the Byzantine Empire with Moslems, Bulgarians, and Europeans.
623–838	Moslem Conquests	Moslem conquests in Syria and Persia at the expense of the Byzantine Empire.
1047–1291	Crusades	Battles between Christians and Turks for control of the Holy Lands.
1329–1566	Ottoman Conquest of Balkans	Ottomans conquer European territories in the Balkans.