Year	Event
1000 BC	Cadiz founded by Phonician traders.
264–214 B.C.	First Punic War between Roman and Carthage
236 B.C.	Hamilcar entered Spain to make it a Carthaginian province.
228 B.C.	On death of Hamilcar, continues the work of subjugation.
218 B.C.	Hannibal captures Saguntum; begins the Second Punic War.
206 B.C.	The Carthaginians driven from the Peninsula by Romans; who divide the country into Hispania Citerior and Hispania Ulterior.
195 B.C.	Cato (the censor) put down Turdetani Uprising and other rebellions throughout Hispania.
154 B.C.	The Romans defeated by the Lusitanians.
139 B.C.	Death of the Celt-Iberian hero Viriathus.
133 B.C.	Scipio the Younger destroyed Numantia after a long and costly siege; the growth of Roman civilization promoted.
105 B.C.	Great invasion from the Cimbri;—country saved by the Celteberi.
97 B.C.	The Celteberians rose against Rome, under Sertorius.
71 B.C.	Sertorius assassinated; Pompey reconquers Hispania for Rome.
61 B.C.	Julius Caesar is governor of Hispania Citerior
49–45 B.C.	Caesarian Civil War. Early battles at Massilia and Llerda in Spain.
45 B.C.	Caesar defeat's republicans in his final battle at Munda, near Cordova; becomes unrivaled master of Roman Empire.
22–19 B.C.	Cantabrian War: Augustus Caesar wins decisive victories over the wild northern tribes.
19 B.C.	Roman conquest of Spain complete; the country divided into three provinces; Tarraconensis, Baetica, and Lusitania.
	Hundreds of Roman towns established; Romanization of Hispania complete.
256	Hispania invaded by the Franks.
409	After many years of prosperity, waves of barbarians, including Suevi, Franks, and Vandals invade Hispania.
414	Ataulfus leads the Visigoths into Hispania and settles there.
415	becomes leader of the Visigoths, defeats the rival barbarians, and founds the Visigoth Kingdom.
451	Visigoths and Romans unite against Attila the Hun at the battle of Chalons.
466	made the country still more independent of Rome and framed the Gothic Code.
506	opposes Clovis, and loses Aquitaine to the Franks.
586	Recared renounces Arian Christian and embraces the Church of Rome.
709	Roderic rises to the Visigoth throne after a minor civil war.
711	Visigoths are overwhelmed by Moors at the Battle of Guadalete.

Years	War	Outcome
260–152 BC	Punic Wars	Wars between Carthage and Rome for control of the West.
215–28 BC	Roman Conquest of Hispania	Roman wars of conquest in Hispania
112–101 BC	Cimbrian War	Romans repel two Germanic tribe that were invading northern Italy
49–31 BC	Caesarean Civil War	Civil war between triggered by Caesar's return to Rome; continuing through the early reign of Augustus Caesar
251–711	Visigoth Wars	Wars of the Visigoths in the Balkans, Italy, and Spain

Moors of Spain

711 A.D. to 1492 A.D.

Battle of Guadalete to the Fall of Granada

Year	Event
711	The Saracens, under Tariq ibn Ziyad, entered Spain and overthrew the Gothic dominion at the Battle of Guadalete.
718	The Christian Pelayo of Asturias was made King in Asturias following the Battle of Covadonga.
721	Odo of Aquitaine drives the Moors out of France at the Battle of Toulouse.
732	The Saracens defeated at Tours by Charles Martel; retreat of the Moors to southern Spain.
755	Abderrahman I landed in Spain and took command of Andalusia, making Cordova a splendid city and an independent Caliphate.
777	Unsuccessful invasion of Charlemagne. Franks later defeated at the Battle of Roncesvalles.
788	Death of Abderrahman I.
976	First conquest of the remarkable Almanzor, who mastered nearly all of Spain, and was caliph in all but name until 1002.
1002	Death of Almanzor at the Battle of Calatanazor.
1010	City of Cordova falls to the Berber mercenaries.
1031	Collapse of the Caliphate of Cordova. Moorish empire breaks up into numerious "tarifs".
1085	Alfonso VI of Castile of Castile captures Toledo.
1086	Large army of Almoravid Berbers arrives in Hispania and prevails against the Christians at the battle of Zalaka.
1094	Almoravides defeat the Moorish princes, consolidate power and set up a dynasty at Cordova.
1095	El Cid captures Valencia; Portugal taken from the Saracens by Henry of Besancon;
1144	Alfonso of Leon defeated the Moors;
1147	Moors lose Lisbon and all of Portugal to ; Fall of the Almoravide dynasty in Africa.
1212	Overwhelming victory of the Christians at Las Navas de Tolosa decided the fate of Spain.
1235	Ferdinand III of Castile captured Cordova.
1238	The kingdom of Granada begun by Mohammed Alhamar.
1248	Ferdinand III. captured Seville; Fall of the Almohads of Iberia.
1340	Army of Spaniards defeats an army of African Moors at the battle of Rio Salado.
1482	Ferdinand of Aragon commenced a war against Granada. Marches against the Moors at Alhama.
1492	Moorish capital of Granada captured; Boabdil gives up the city to Isabel of Castile and Ferdinad.

Years	War	Outcome
711–732	Moorish Conquest of Spain	Moors from Africa invade and Conquer Spain, but are stopped at the Battle of Tours.
1050–1492	Christian Reconquest of Spain	Wars between Christian and Moorish kingdoms for control of the Iberian Peninsula.
800–1344	Wars of the Moorish Empire	Wars of the Moorish Empire in Spain, including Moslem Civil Wars.

Rise of Christian Spain

1050 A.D. to 1516 A.D.

Conquest of Toledo to the Death of Ferdinand

Year	Event
720	Pelayo of Asturias defeats the Moors at the Battle of Covadonga, and founds the Christian kingdom of Asturias.
837	The kingdom of Navarre in the Pyrenees gains its independece from the Franks.
910	Leon is united with Asturias, and is made the capital of the Christian kingdom.
932	Fernan Gonsalez asserts the independence of Castile.
1035	Ramirez I. established the Kingdom of Aragon.
1072	Alfonso VI of Castile becomes king of both Leon and Castile. He quarrels with the Cid.
1085	Alfonso VI. of Castile captures the Moorish stronghold of Toledo.
1095	El Cid captures Valencia; Portugal taken from the Saracens by Henry of Besancon;
1096	Pedro I. of Aragon defeats the Moors and Castilians at Alcoraz.
1137	Catalonia and Aragon united.
1144	Alfonso of Leon defeated the Moors; dynasty of the Almonades at Cordova.
1212	Resouding Victory of the Christians over the Moors at Las Navas de Tolosa decided the fate of Spain.
1228	James of Aragon captures the Balearic Isles.
1235	Ferdinand III of Castile captured Cordova.
1248	Ferdinand III. captured Seville; work on the Alhambra begun.
1274	The crown of Navarre passed to the royal family of France.
1367	Battle of Navarrete saves Pedro of Castile.
1369	A new dynasty founded in Castile by Henry Trastamare.
1469	Marriage of Ferdinand of Aragon and Isabel of Castile united the Christian dominions of Spain.
1481	Establishment of the Inquisition.
1492	Granada captured.
1504	Death of Isabella.
1512	Ferdinand conquered the greater part of Navarre.
1516	Death of Ferdinand; accession of the Habsberg Charles V, Holy Roman Emporer to the throne of Spain.

Years	War	Outcome
711–732	Moorish Conquest of Spain	Moors from Africa invade and Conquer Spain, but are stopped at the Battle of Tours.
1050–1492	Christian Reconquest of Spain	Wars between Christian and Moorish kingdoms for control of the Iberian Peninsula.
1307–1476	Castilian Wars	Civil wars between Christian factions within Spain during the fourteenths and fifteenth centuries.
1495–1559	Wars of Italy	Series of battles for Italian territories between various European powers.

Exploration

1430 A.D. to 1540 A.D.

Voyages of Henry the Navigator to the Discovery of the Mississippi

Year	Event
1420	Discovery of Madiera
1427	Discovery of the Azores
1441	Cape Blanco
1456	Alvise Cadamosto reaches Cape Verde
1460	Death of Prince Henry the Navigator
1482	Diogo Cao discovers the mouth of the Congo River
1488	doubles the Cape of Good Hope
1498	Vasco da Gama discovers a sea-route to India
1505	Zanzibar claimed for Portugal
1509	Battle of Diu sets up Portugues hegemnony in the Indian Ocean.
1512	Alfonso de Albuquerque founds the island of Goa for Portugal
1492	Christopher Columbus Discovers America
1493	Founding of First Settlement on Hispaniola (Dominican Republic)
1499	Second Voyage of Amerigo Vespucci
****	Conquest of Cuba
****	Conquest of Jamaica (de Leon)
1510	Establishment of Colony at Darien (Balboa)
1513	Vasco Nunez Balboa discovers the Pacific Ocean
****	Ponce de Leon searches for the fountain of youth and discovers Florida
1519	Hernando Cortez conquers Mexico
1532	Francisco Pizarro and de Soto conquer the Incas of Peru
1541	Hernando De Soto discovers the Mississippi and then dies.

Years	War	Outcome
1511–1739	Portugal Conquest of Indochina	Portugal conquers Goa, Dui, and other islands in Indo China.
1519–1521	Conquest of Mexico	Spanish Conquest of the Aztec Empire of Mexico.
1532–1546	Conquest of Peru	Spanish Conquest of the Incan Empire of Peru

Habsburg Spain

1516 A.D. to 1700 A.D.

Reign of Charles I (a.k.a. Charles V) to the War of Spanish Succession

Year	Event
1516	Charles V, Holy Roman Emporer ascends the throne of Spain
1517	Protestant Reformation breaks out in Germany
1521-1526	Italian War against Francis I of France
1521	Conquest of Mexico by Hernando Cortez
1527	Charles V, Holy Roman Emporer sacks Rome and imprisons the pope.
1529	Solyman the Magnificent leads a Turkish army against Vienna, but is forced to withdraw.
1526-1530	War of the League of Cambrai is fought in Italy
1534	Saint Ignatius of Loyola founds the Society of Jesus
1535	Charles V leads a Christian army to victory at the Conquest of Tunis
1545	First Session of the Council of Trent
1556	Charles V Abdicates, Philip II of Spain becomes King
1568	Beginning of the Revolt in the Netherlands
1571	The Battle of Lepanto detroys the Ottoman fleet in the Mediterranean.
1580	Portugal is United under the Spanish Crown.
1582	Death of Saint Teresa of Avila, who reformed the Carmelite Order.
1584	Death of William the Silent, protestant patriot of the Netherlands
1588	Spanish Armada sent to invade England is defeated
1605	Cervantes publishes Don Quixote
1610	Expulsion of the Moriscos from Spain
1618-1648	Thirty years war throws all of Europe into turmoil.
1700	Death of Charles II of Spain, last Habsburg king of Spain

Years	War	Outcome
1511–1739	Portugal Conquest of Indochina	Portugal conquers Goa, Dui, and other islands in Indo China.
1495–1559	Wars of Italy	Series of battles for Italian territories between various European powers.
1500–1830	Barbary Pirate Wars	Wars of the Barbary Pirates who were based in Algiers; Tunis and Tripoli.
1566–1601	Netherlands War of Independence	The Protestant Netherlands fights for its independence from the Spanish Empire.
1626–1647	Thirty Years War	Conflict involving much of Europe that greatly weakened the Holy Roman Empire.
1649–1656	Franco Spanish War	War between France and Spain began with a French civil war called 'the Fronde'.
1700–1709	War of the Spanish Succession	Large scale European war which curtailed the expanding power of Louis XIV of France.

1587–1655	Anglo Spanish Wars	English sailors prevails over Spain; assuring its claims to the New World.

Bourbon Spain

1700A.D. to 1931A.D.

Reign of Philip V to the Spanish Civil War

Year	Event
1704	Loss of Gibralter to the British
1714	War of the Spanish Succession brought to a close, Philip V of Spain retains the throne
1718	Spain loses War of Quadruple alliance, surrenders Italian territories
1727	Spain fails to retake Gibralter during War with England
1740-48	Beginning War of the Austrian Succession
1754-63	Seven Year's War, Florida, Havana, Manila lost to Spain.
1759	Charles III of Spain ascends throne and attempts "modern" reforms.
1773	Suppression of the Jesuits
1778	Spain joins American Revolutionary War in order to fight against Britain
1788	Charles VI ascends to the throne. Court controled by Maria Louisa and Emanuel Godoy.
1808	Napoleon Bonaparte over-runs Spain, initiates Peninsular War
1810	South American governments declare independence from Spain.
1814	Ferdinand VII of Spain is restored to the throne. Refuses liberal constitution
1817	Much of South America lost to Spain after the Battle of Chacabuco
1820-23	Spanish Civil War briefly establishes a radical liberal government
1821	Mexico declares independence
1823	Ferdinand VII, supported by France, is restored to the throne.
1823	Peru and Ecuador win independence from Spain
1833	Jesuit Order reinstated
1833-43	Carlist Wars, seeks to place Don Carlos, rather than Isabella II on the throne
1843	Isabella II of Spain assumes control of government
1846	Second Carlist War
1868	Isabella II deposed, exiled to France
1869	Liberal constituional monarchy attempted
1873	Short lived Spanish Republic
1874	Alfonso XII of Spain raised to the throne of Spain
1898	Cuba lost to Spain following the Spanish American War
1931	Second Spanish Republic
1936-39	Spanish Civil War

Years	War	Outcome
1700–1709	War of the Spanish Succession	Large scale European war which curtailed the expanding power of Louis XIV of France.

1587–1655	Anglo Spanish Wars	English sailors prevails over Spain; assuring its claims to the New World.

1813–1826	South American War of Independence	South America freed from Spanish control by Generals Bolivar and San Martin.
1808–1814	Peninsular War	Napoleonic Wars on the Iberian Peninsula. Britain helps Spain drive out the French.
1836–1872	Carlist Wars	Civil war in Spain between a modern liberal monarchy and the traditionalists.

1936–1939	Spanish Civil War

Mexico

1520 A.D. to 1921 A.D.

Conquests of Cortez to the Mexican Revolution

Year	Event
1200	Rise of Aztec nation in the Central Valley of Mexico.
1440	Montezuma I ascends to the Aztec throne.
1502	Death of Ahuitzotl, Montezuma II ascends to the Aztec throne.
1521	Hernando Cortez conquers the Aztec captial of Teotihuacan.
1531	Our Lady of Quadalupe appeared to Saint Juan Diego
1535-1550	Viceroyship of Antonio de Mendoza
1540-42	Explorations of Francisco de Coronado
1768	Jesuits expelled from Mexico
1769	Junipero Serra founds a Mission at San Diego
1585	Franciscan Missionary publishes the Florentine Codex containing the history of the aztecs.
1810	Miguel Hidalgo declares for Mexican independence.
1810-1821	Mexican War of Independence
1822-23	Agustin Iturbide porclaimed himself emperor
1833	Santa Anna gains control of the Mexican government for the first time.
1836	Texas declares its independence from Mexico; Battle of the Alamo
1846-1848	Mexico cedes all of southwest U.S. as a result of Mexican-American War
1857-1861	War of Reform
1858-1872	Benito Juarez leads a liberal republican government
1862	French Intervention leads to formation of a Mexican Empire
1867	Archduke Maximilian of Austria is assassinated. Juarez returns to power.
1876-1911	Reign of ; Modernization enriches foreigners, but not peasants.
1910	Election of Francisco Madero as president; Diaz goes into exile
1910-1921	Mexican Revolution
1913	Victoriana Huerta overthroes Madero
1915	Carranza overthrows Huerta
1917	Mexican constitution is established
1926-1929	Cristero War
1929	Formation of PRI (Mexican National Party)

Years	War	Outcome
1519–1521	Conquest of Mexico	Spanish Conquest of the Aztec Empire of Mexico.
1815–1920	Wars of Mexico	Wars of Mexican Independence, Liberal Rising, Franco-Mexican, and Mexican Revolution
1836–1847	Mexican American War	War between America and Mexico in which large territories of California and the Southwest were ceded to the U.S.

South America

1525 A.D. to 1921 A.D.

Conquest of Peru by Pizarro to the Early 20th century

Year	Event
1500	Brazil discovered and claimed for Portugal by Cabral
1808	Monarchs of Portugal move their capital to Rio de Janiero
1816-31	Reign of Dom Pedro I of Brazil; Brazil declares independence in 1822
1840	Pedro II becames the head of a constitutional monarchy in Brazil
1889	Overthrow of Dom Pedro II by Brazilian military
1532	Pizzaro and Almagro conquer Peru
1572	Tupac Amaru** leads the last Incan revolt against the Spaniards
1542	Bartoleme de las Casas promotes better treatment of Native Americans
1640	Dutch take control of Northern Brazil; Found Guyana
1697	Mayans defeated by the Spaniards
1767	Jesuits expelled from Latin America
****	Jesuit "reductions" in Paraguay founded
1804	Slave revolt in Haiti expells the Europeans
1799	Humboldt explores Mexico and South America
1797-1814	Napoleonic Wars in Europe disrupt governments of Latin America
1811	Venezuela, led by Miranda, declares its independence from Spain
1812	Earthquake in Caracus destroys popular support for independence
1816	Argentina declares its independence
1818	Chile declares its independence
1822	San Martin and Bolivar meet in Guayaguil
1825	Bolivia declares its independence
1879-84	Chile defeats Peru and BOlivia in the War of the Pacific
1864-70	War of the Triple Alliance; Paraguay is defeated

Years	War	Outcome
1532–1546	Conquest of Peru	Spanish Conquest of the Incan Empire of Peru
1813–1826	South American War of Independence	South America freed from Spanish control by Generals Bolivar and San Martin.
1842–1863	Uraguay War of Independence	Soon after South America achieved independence from Spain, Uraguay declared independence from Bolivar's Republic.

Hispanic History and Exploration Timeline

250 B.C. to 711 A.D.

Punic Wars to the Moorish Conquest

711 A.D. to 1492 A.D.

Battle of Guadalete to the Fall of Granada

1050 A.D. to 1516 A.D.

Conquest of Toledo to the Death of Ferdinand

1430 A.D. to 1540 A.D.

Voyages of Henry the Navigator to the Discovery of the Mississippi

1516 A.D. to 1700 A.D.

Reign of Charles I (a.k.a. Charles V) to the War of Spanish Succession

1700A.D. to 1931A.D.

Reign of Philip V to the Spanish Civil War

1520 A.D. to 1921 A.D.

Conquests of Cortez to the Mexican Revolution

1525 A.D. to 1921 A.D.

Conquest of Peru by Pizarro to the Early 20th century

Hispanic History and Exploration
Timeline